In-text citation
Parenthetical citation
This depends on (A. Andersson, personal communication, 2017, October 25).
Narrative citation (if the name is mentioned in the text)
According to A. Andersson (personal communication, 2017, October 25) there are ...
Comments
- Information not available for the reader is cited as personal communication. You only cite personal communication in in-text citations and not in the reference list.
- Personal communication include non-recorded lectures, e-mails, text messages, chat messages, or direct messages, interviews, phone calls, speeches, letters, etc.
- Only use personal communication if other more available sources are unavailable.