In-text citation
Parenthetical citation
This is due to... (A. Andersson, personal communication, October 25, 2017).
Narrative citation (when the name is mentioned in the text)
According to A. Andersson (personal communication, October 25, 2017) this aims to ... .
Comments
- Non recorded lectures not available to readers are treated as personal communication. Since the information from personal communication is not available to readers you include in-text citations but not do not include it in the reference list.
- Personal communication also include interviews, text messages, chat messages or direct messages, e-mails, letters, speeches etc.
- Only use personal communication if another source is not available. If you learnt about a subject during a lecture it is better to cite the research the lecture was based on rather than the lecture. However, if the lecture included original content not available anywhere else you cite it as personal communication. In the in-text citation you write initial and surname and a date (as specific as possible).